Cardiovascular & Hemostasis Research

cTnI vs cTnT — Structural Distinction and Research Applications

Both cTnI and cTnT are structural components of the cardiac troponin-tropomyosin complex. cTnI is encoded by a cardiac-specific gene with no equivalent in adult skeletal muscle — the most cardiac-specific of all isoforms. cTnT has a cardiac-specific C-terminus distinguishable from skeletal isoforms. In ischemia research, both are released from injured cardiomyocytes at 1–3 hours. cTnI is generally preferred for rodent cardiotoxicity models; cTnT has a longer research history in large animal cardiology (Equine, Bovine, Dog). Krishgen's 10-species panel enables direct translational comparison across rodent MI models and large animal studies.

BNP vs NT-proBNP — Same Prohormone, Different Research Utility

ProBNP cleavage yields two fragments in equimolar amounts. BNP (active, 32 aa, half-life ~20 min) reflects acute hemodynamic load in real time but is unstable in stored samples. NT-proBNP (inactive, 76 aa, half-life ~60–120 min) is renally cleared, far more stable, and preferred for batched or longitudinal research designs. Neither is more "accurate" — they measure different time windows of the same biological event.

The atrial equivalent ANP is released from atrial cardiomyocytes under stretch — it responds earlier and more sensitively to volume changes than BNP. NT-proANP is its stable inactive surrogate available for Human and Mouse research.

Upstream Substrate & Downstream Degradation Product

Fibrinogen (Factor I) is the liver-synthesised plasma glycoprotein cleaved by thrombin to form fibrin — the structural backbone of the clot. It is also an acute-phase reactant, rising in infection and inflammation. Fibrinogen ELISA are available for 9 species including Bovine, Equine, Porcine, Dog, and Sheep — making it one of Krishgen's broadest-coverage hemostasis markers for large animal and veterinary cardiovascular research.

D-Dimer is the fibrin degradation product released when plasmin cleaves cross-linked fibrin — a simultaneous marker of clot formation and fibrinolytic activity. Elevated D-Dimer in research models indicates ongoing coagulation, as seen in thrombosis, DIC, and sepsis coagulopathy studies. Available in Human, Mouse, Rat, Rabbit.

Individual Factor Antigen ELISA — Protein Level Complement to KRISHZYME™ Activity Assays

The PT (extrinsic) pathway runs: Tissue Factor → FVIIa → FXa (with the common pathway). The aPTT (intrinsic) pathway runs: contact activation → FXIIa → FXIa → FIXa/FVIIIa → FXa. Individual factor antigen ELISA measure protein concentration (ng/ml) at each node — distinct from the KRISHZYME™ chromogenic assays that measure functional activity (IU/ml). A sample with normal antigen levels but inhibited activity (e.g. due to heparin or inhibitory antibodies) requires both assay types to fully characterise. Used in haemophilia research, factor deficiency models, and coagulation pathway biology.

12 Species — One of the Broadest CRP Panels in the RUO Space

CRP is a liver-synthesised acute-phase pentameric protein produced in response to IL-6 from sites of tissue injury or inflammation. In cardiovascular research, high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) is used as a marker of low-grade vascular inflammation associated with atherosclerotic plaque instability and endothelial dysfunction. CRP naturally overlaps with Krishgen's immunology portfolio — the same kit serves both research communities.

CRP shows significant species variation: in mice, SAP (serum amyloid P) is the dominant acute-phase pentraxin and the CRP response is modest. In large animals — Bovine, Equine, Porcine, Dog — CRP is a genuine and robust acute-phase reactant with broad veterinary research utility. Standard and hsCRP formats are available for Human.

Endothelial Adhesion Molecules — 10+ Species, Soluble Shed Forms in Plasma

Cell adhesion molecules are upregulated on activated endothelium (via NF-κB, IL-1β, TNF-α) and mediate the leukocyte adhesion cascade: E-Selectin and P-Selectin tether rolling leukocytes; ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 mediate firm arrest and transmigration. Soluble shed forms are measurable by ELISA in serum and plasma — giving a systemic readout of endothelial activation without tissue biopsy. PECAM-1 (CD31) marks endothelial junctions and is used in angiogenesis and barrier integrity research.

VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 are available across 10 species including large animals and primates — enabling translational studies from rodent atherosclerosis models to NHP vascular biology.